Hardware

Arduino

Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software. company,project and user, community that designs and manufactures. Single-board micro-controllers and
micro-controllers kits for building digital devices and interactive object that can sens and control objects in the physical world.

What is Arduino Board ?

Arduino is an open source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino board are able to read INPUTS- light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a twitter message and turn it into an OUTPUT- activating a mentor, turning on an LED, Publishing something online.

Pin Diagram of Arduino

Use of Arduino board.

  • The arduino uno board is a micro-controller based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital Input/Output Pin in which 6 can be used
    • as PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output,
    • a 16MHz ceramic resonator,
    • an ICSP header, a USB connection
    • 6 analog inputs,
    • a power jack and
    • a reset button.

How does an Arduino Board work?

Arduino consist of both a physical programmable circuit board (micro-controller) and piece of software, used to write and upload computer code to the physical board

Language :
C/C++ and Lua

NodeMCU

NodeMCU stands for Node Micro-controller Unite. NodeMCU is open source IOT platform.It includes firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi Soc from Espressif system and hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module. ESP8266 is a low cost Wi-Fi chip with full TCP/IP stack and MCU capability produced by Espressif-chines manufacture. ESP-12 is Miro-controller Chip. ESP-12 has a voltage regulator and USB Interface.

FirmWare:- a computer program that is “embedded ” in a hardware device and is an essential part of the hardware. and also call embedded software

the Firmware uses the Lua Scripting language. Lua is lightweight, multi-paradigm programming for embedded system and client. lus is written in ANSI C and relatively C.

ESP-12 E

The ESP-12E is a board created by AI-THINKER, which consists of an ESP8266EX inside the metal cover.

ESP8266EX

Made by Espressif, this microchip has integrated WiFi and low-power consumption.

Processor RISC Tensilica L 106 32bit with a maximum clock of 160 MHz

Pin Diagram of NodeMCU ESP-12E

I want to emphasize that NodeMCU and ESP-12E are not the same things. In the case of the ESP-12E, the recording uses the serial, the UART. In NodeMCU, this is performed by the USB.

INPUT / OUTPUT

When performing INPUT and OUTPUT tests on the pins, we obtained the following results:

  • digitalWrite did NOT work with GPIOs 6, 7, 8, 11, and ADC (A0)
  • digitalRead did NOT work with GPIOs 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, and the ADC (A0)
  • analogWrite did NOT work with GPIOs 6, 7, 8, 11, and ADC (A0) (GPIOs 4, 12, 14, 15 have hardware PWM, and the others are by software)
  • analogRead worked only with the ADC (A0)
  • 6, 7, 8, 11 do NOT work for the above four commands

Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch.many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used. Relay are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

first Relays were used in long distance telephony circuits as amplifiers:- they repeated the signal comming in form one circuit and re-transmits it on another circuit.

A type of relay that can handle the high power requited to directly control an electric motor or other loads is called a contractor.

Why Realy used?

Realy are used when we wanted low-voltage circuit control to high-voltage circuit.

How does relay work?

A relay is an electromagnatic switch operated by a relatively small etectric current that can turn on or off a much larger electric current. “the heart of the relay is an electromagnet.”

Difference between Circuit break and Realy

The relay operators on a low power voltage input circuit breakers are automatic on load devices

Circuit breakers are used one per circuit relays can be used to control/select one among many connected to it.

Bread Board

A Bread Board is a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronics and test circuits designs. most electronic components in electronic circuits can be interconnected by inserting their leads or terminals into the holes and than making connections through wires where appropriate.

How BreadBoard Connected?

Bread Board consist of tiny “holes” in which the lead of the component connect into make sure that if you are using wire, use wire link, not the stranded wire, because it will crumple in the hole and damage your breadboard.

The Top and Bottom rows are usually the positive(+) and negative(-) power supply holes and these move HORIZONTALLY across the bread board, while the holes for the components move VERTICALLY each hole is connected to the many metal strips that are running underneath. Each wire forms a node.

What does Bread Board do?

An electronics bread board is actually referring to a solder-less bread board. the are great units for making temporary circuits and prototyping and they require absolutely no soldering.

Resistor 

People who make electric or electronic circuits to do particular jobs often need to introduce precise amounts of resistance. they can do that by adding tiny components called resistors. A resistor is a little package of resistance: wire it into a circuit and you reduce the current by a precise amount

Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers developed in UK by the Raspberry Pi foundation to promote the teaching of basic computer science in schools and in developing countries.

  • Memory :– 1GB
  • Storage :- MicroSDHC slot
  • Power :- 1.5 W to 6.7 W

The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card size computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It is a capable little device that enables people of all ages to explore computing, and to learn how to program in languages like scratch and python.

How to use Raspberry Pi?

  1. Insert the microSD card into the card slot on the underside of the Raspberry Pi.
  2. plug the USB keyboard into one of the USB Port
  3. plug the USB mouse into one of the USB port
  4. turn on your monitor or TV set and make sure it is set to the proper input(e.g:- HDMI 1 or component)
  5. write program and load the program in it
  6. than you can attache your different device with it

Difference between Arduino and Raspberry Pi

  • Arduino : it is micro-controller motherboard
  • Raspberry Pi : It is general purpose computer with linux OS
  • Arduino : micro-controller is a simple computer that run one program at a time
  • Raspberry Pi : It has ability to run multiple program
  • Arduino : it is very easy to use for simple repetitive task:
    • opening and closing garage door, reading the outside temperature and reporting it to twitter, driving a simple robot.
  • Raspberry Pi : It is best used when you need a full-fledged computer:
    • driving a more complicated robot, performing multiple task, doing intense calculation(bitcoins and encryption).

Example:

  • Arduino : i wanted to monitor my plants and have them tweet me when they need water
  • Raspberry Pi : I want to monitor my plants and have them tweet me when they need water and check the national weather service and if the forecast is for fair weather than it will turn on the irrigation system and if the forecast is for rain so it will do nothing.

Ultrasonic Sensor

The Ultrasonic sensor is a device than can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for than sound wave to bounce back.

How does Utrasonic Sensor Work ?

the Ultrasonic sensor sends out a high-frequency sound pulse and than times how long it takes for the echo of the sound to reflect back. The sensor has two opening on its front. (1) one opening transmits ultrasonic waves (2) the other recovers them. Example :– Tiny microphone

The speed of sound approximately 341 meters(1100 feet) per second in air.

Distance = Time * Speed of sound / 2

How you use an Ultrasonic Sensor?

  • Ultrasonic Range Detector with Arduino using the SR04 Ultrasonic sensor.
    • step1: – parts list
    • step2:- connecting the SR04 Ultrasonic sensor ti the Arduino.
    • step 3:- Download SR04 Library and install to Arduino IDE

Range of Ultrasonic

Ultrasonic sensors are based on measurement of the wave with frequency above the human audible range. Range —-40KHz(20,000Hz).

PIR Motion Sensor

A Passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light radiation from object in its field of view used in motion detector.

LED

Light Emitting Diode is a semiconductor device that converts electricity into light.

IR Sensor

Infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR Sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as passive IP Sensor

IR Proximity Sensor

A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation(infrared), and looks for changes in the field or return signal.

Frequency Range of IR Sensor

Infrared radiation extends from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nonometers (nm) to 1mm. This range of wavelengths corresponds to a frequency range of approximately 430THz down to 300GHz.